Absolute vs. relative risk: what a 25% reduction means
In a hypothetical example, 12 cases in 200 people compared with nine in 200 gives a 1.5-percentage-point difference and a 25% relative reduction.
Understanding evidence
Follow the research question, study type, actual result, numerical framing and funding behind a product claim.
Who paid for the study?
Read the funding statement, author disclosures and sponsor’s role without assuming that a commercial link proves or disproves the result.
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Lab studies vs. human trials: what each can show
A cell experiment, a chemical analysis and a trial in people answer different questions. Here is how to keep the findings in context.
How to read a research abstract
Find the question, preparation, comparison and actual result before a short summary becomes a bigger product claim.
What 'clinically studied' means on a product label
A study may test an ingredient while the product on the shelf remains untested. Check what the researchers used, who took part and what they measured.
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Keep your questions open.
You can be curious without choosing to use or buy a product.
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